11,287 research outputs found
Direct numerical simulations of aeolian sand ripples
Aeolian sand beds exhibit regular patterns of ripples resulting from the
interaction between topography and sediment transport. Their characteristics
have been so far related to reptation transport caused by the impacts on the
ground of grains entrained by the wind into saltation. By means of direct
numerical simulations of grains interacting with a wind flow, we show that the
instability turns out to be driven by resonant grain trajectories, whose length
is close to a ripple wavelength and whose splash leads to a mass displacement
towards the ripple crests. The pattern selection results from a compromise
between this destabilizing mechanism and a diffusive downslope transport which
stabilizes small wavelengths. The initial wavelength is set by the ratio of the
sediment flux and the erosion/deposition rate, a ratio which increases linearly
with the wind velocity. We show that this scaling law, in agreement with
experiments, originates from an interfacial layer separating the saltation zone
from the static sand bed, where momentum transfers are dominated by mid-air
collisions. Finally, we provide quantitative support for the use the
propagation of these ripples as a proxy for remote measurements of sediment
transport.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figure
Selection of dune shapes and velocities. Part 1: Dynamics of sand, wind and barchans
Almost fifty years of investigations of barchan dunes morphology and dynamics
is reviewed, with emphasis on the physical understanding of these objects. The
characteristics measured on the field (shape, size, velocity) and the physical
problems they rise are presented. Then, we review the dynamical mechanisms
explaining the formation and the propagation of dunes. In particular a complete
and original approach of the sand transport over a flat sand bed is proposed
and discussed. We conclude on open problems by outlining future research
directions.Comment: submitted to Eur. Phys. J. B, 20 pages, 20 figure
On the non-holonomic character of logarithms, powers, and the n-th prime function
We establish that the sequences formed by logarithms and by "fractional"
powers of integers, as well as the sequence of prime numbers, are
non-holonomic, thereby answering three open problems of Gerhold [Electronic
Journal of Combinatorics 11 (2004), R87]. Our proofs depend on basic complex
analysis, namely a conjunction of the Structure Theorem for singularities of
solutions to linear differential equations and of an Abelian theorem. A brief
discussion is offered regarding the scope of singularity-based methods and
several naturally occurring sequences are proved to be non-holonomic.Comment: 13 page
A JOINT TEST OF PRICING-TO-MARKET, MENU COST AND CURRENCY INVOICING
This paper investigates PTM behaviour and currency invoicing decisions of Canadian pork exporters in the presence of menu costs. It is shown that when export prices are negotiated in the exporter's currency, menu costs cause threshold effects in the sense that there are bounds within (outside of) which PTM is not (is) observed. Conversely, PTM is not interrupted by menu costs when export prices are denominated in the importer's currency. The empirical model focuses on pork meat exports from Canada to the U.S. and Japan. Hansen's (2000) threshold estimation procedure is used to jointly test for currency invoicing and PTM in the presence of menu costs. Inference is conducted using bootstrap methods. PTM effects are smaller when accounting for currency invoicing decisions and menu costs than under standard linear models. The data does not reject the null hypothesis that Quebec pork exporters exercise PTM behaviour in the Japanese market and invoice their sales in Japanese currency. Evidence of PTM behaviour and foreign currency invoicing is weak for the U.S. market. Ontario pork exporters do not exercise PTM behaviour in any market.International Relations/Trade,
A Joint Test of Price Discrimination, Menu Cost and Currency Invoicing
This paper investigates price discriminating behaviour and currency invoicing decisions of Canadian pork exporters in the presence of menu costs. It is shown that when export prices are negotiated in the exporter’s currency, menu costs cause threshold effects in the sense that there are bounds within (outside of) which price adjustments are not (are) observed. Conversely, the pass-through is not interrupted by menu costs when export prices are denominated in the importer’s currency. The empirical model focuses on pork meat exports from two Canadian provinces to the U.S. and Japan. Hansen’s (2000) threshold estimation procedure is used to jointly test for currency invoicing and incomplete pass-through in the presence of menu costs. Inference is conducted using the bootstrap with pre-pivoting methods to deal with nuisance parameters. The existence of menu cost is supported by the data in three of the four cases. It also appears that Quebec pork exporters price discriminate and invoice in Japanese yen their exports to Japan. Manitoba exporters also seem to follow the same invoicing strategy, but their ability to increase their profit margin in response to large enough own-currency devaluations is questionable. Our currency invoicing results for sales to the U.S. are consistent with subsets of Canadian firms using either the Canadian or U.S. currency.
Heat kernel and Green function estimates on affine buildings of type
We obtain a global estimate of the transition density associated
to a nearest neighbor random walk, called here "simple", on affine buildings of
type . Then we deduce a global estimate of the Green function.
This is the analogue of a result on Riemannian symmetric spaces of the
noncompact type
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